PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian											0.0117
		Chibanian			Lujanian											0.129
		Chibanian			Ensenadan											0.3 *
		Calabrian			Ensenadan											0.774
		Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †										1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean											2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan											2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan											3.6
					Montehermosan											3.7 *
					Huayquerian											4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
					Chasicoan											7.9 *
					Mayoan											9.9 *
					Laventan											10.9 *
		Serravallian			Laventan											11.63
		Serravallian			Colloncuran											13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran											13.82
		Langhian			Friasian											15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian											15.98
					Santacrucian											16.2 *
					Colhuehuapian											17.4 *
		Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian											20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan											20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
		Rupelian			Tinguirirican											28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican											33.9
		Priabonian			Divisaderan											35.9 *
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Lutetian			Mustersan											41.9 *
		Ypresian			Mustersan											47.8
		Ypresian			Casamayoran											47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican											56
					Itaboraian											56.9 *
					Peligran											58.9 *
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
		Danian			Tiupampan											62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Lancian/Edmontonian		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian										Judithian/Aquilan		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian		100.5
														Middle Albian		106.2 *
														Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian		113
		Aptian												Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian		139.8
														Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
														Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian	168.2
							Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
							Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
							180.1	Late Toarcian
							Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian	182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian					Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian	227
		Carnian					Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
							Griesbachian	251.4 *
							Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Chhidru	254.14
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
		Wordian							264.28
									265.3 *
								Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian			266.9			Amb
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	298.9
								Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian							Cantabrian	307
								Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
								Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
				Chokierian					323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian					323.2
				Arnsbergian					324 *
				Pendleian					327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian				Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian				Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian				Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian				353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian	Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian	Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian							Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku			458.4
							Lasnamagi			458.9 *
							Aseri			460.4 *
							Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
					Latorp †					470.1 *
								Hunneberg		473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg		477.7
								Varangu		481.3 *
								Pakerort		482.2 *
										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian		485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
					Aksaian								490.7 *
					Sakian								492.2 *
		Paibian											494
		Paibian									Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian								497
		Guzhangian			Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan								509
					Toyonian					Lenian †			510 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian								514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian								521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †			529
																538.8