PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Central Paratethys Stages	Precambrian of Russia	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Miocene	Tortonian					Pannonian				7.246
				Serravallian					Sarmatian				11.63
				Serravallian					Badenian				12.8 *
				Langhian									13.82
				Burdigalian									15.98
				Aquitanian									20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
				Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Ypresian				Bumbanian					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan						56
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian		100.5
											Middle Albian		106.2 *
											Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian		113
				Aptian							Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian		139.8
											Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
											Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites						Late Bajocian		168.2
						Humphresianum					Late Bajocian		168.4
						Humphresianum					Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum						Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense					Late Toarcian		174.7
											Late Toarcian		180.1
											Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						Middle Toarcian		182
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum						Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni						Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi						Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis						Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
				Norian							Sevatian		208.5
											Alaunian		213.2 *
											Lacian		216.7 *
				Carnian							Tuvalian		227
				Carnian							Julian		233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian		237
				Ladinian							Fassanian		239.7 *
				Anisian							Illyrian		242
											Pelsonian		243.8 *
											Bithynian		244.7 *
											Aegean		245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian						247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian						248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian						251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian					293.52
			Asselian				Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
									Xiaodushanian	300 *
							Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
										Stephanian B	300.9 *
										Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
										Cantabrian	305 *
									Dalaun		305.8 *
			Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian			307
							Westphalian			Westphalian D	307.4 *
										Westphalian C	309.8
										Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian		Westphalian B	315.2
										Westphalian A	317 *
									Huashibanian	Westphalian A	318.5 *
							Namurian			Yeadonian	318.8 *
										Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Lousuan	Marsdenian	321.2 *
										Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
										Alportian	322 *
										Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
										Arnsbergian	324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
								Shangsian		Pendleian	330.8 *
			Visean				Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
								Jiusian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335 *
									Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
									Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian				Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian				Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare				419.2
		Pridoli			Kaugetuma				421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare				423
			Ludfordian		Paadla				423.4 *
			Gorstian		Paadla				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula				427.4
			Homerian		Jaagarahu				429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu				430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani				431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani				433.4
			Telychian		Adavere				434 *
			Aeronian		Adavere				438.5
			Aeronian		Raikkula				439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula				440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru				441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
Katian			445.2
Sandbian			453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian							Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							Karatau		1000
		Stenian							Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian							Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian							Burzyan		1375
													1400