PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		European Faunal Zones	Mesozoic Subages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ten Million Year Bins
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean	Cenozoic 6	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene										Rancholabrean		0.014
		Chibanian										Rancholabrean		0.129
		Chibanian										Irvingtonian		0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian			MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16									2.58
		Piacenzian			MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15									3.6
					MN 14									4.2
					MN 14							Hemphillian		4.7
					MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12									7.246
					MN 11									7.75
					MN 10									8.7
					MN 10							Clarendonian		9.4
					MN 9									9.7
					MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian											Cenozoic 5	11.63
												Barstovian		12.5
					MN 6									12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4									15.98
					MN 4							Hemingfordian		16.3
					MN 3							Hemingfordian		16.9
					MN 3							Arikareean		18.5
					MN 2									20
		Aquitanian			MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											Cenozoic 4	23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
												Whitneyan		29.5
												Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian										Chadronian	Cenozoic 3	33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan	Cenozoic 2	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian		47.8
												Wasatchian		50.5
												Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Clarkforkian	Cenozoic 1	56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian										Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8	66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							Cretaceous 7	72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Cretaceous 6	83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian							Cretaceous 4	100.5
						Middle Albian								106.2 *
						Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian							Cretaceous 3	113
		Aptian	Early Aptian	119.5 *									Cretaceous 3
		Barremian	Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2		121.4
		Hauterivian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		125.77
		Valanginian	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
		Berriasian	Late Berriasian			139.8
			Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
			Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	145
		Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		Jurassic 6	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian			Jurassic 5	149.2
		Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian	168.2
							Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
							Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			Thouarsense	Late Toarcian		174.7
							Late Toarcian		180.1
							Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian		182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian					Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian					Tuvalian	Triassic 3	227
		Carnian					Julian	Triassic 3	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian	Triassic 2	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		Triassic 1	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian			248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian			251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian			251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian							Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian	Permian 3	266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian	Permian 3	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Permian 2	273.01
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
								Irginian		285.9 *
								Burtsevian		287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	Bursumian †	Permian 1	293.52
								Uskalykian			294.8
								Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Virgilian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
		Kasimovian							Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian							Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian							Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
		Moscovian							Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian							Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian							Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chesterian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
		Visean							Chesterian	Carboniferous 2	330.9
									Meramecian		335.8 *
									Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian							Osagean	Carboniferous 1	346.7
		Tournaisian							Kinderhookian	Carboniferous 1	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Devonian 5	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Devonian 4	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Devonian 3	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7						Devonian 3
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian		Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian		Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian		Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian	Cambrian 5		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
		Stage 10								Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian								Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian								Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian								Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian				Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Cambrian 4		Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan		Cambrian 3		Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian			Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2	514	Dyeran
					Montezuman	514.8 *
					Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		Cambrian 1		529
														538.8