PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Permian of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Tarantian						0.0117
		Chibanian								Ionian						0.129
		Chibanian								Ionian				Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian		3
		Zanclean												Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian												Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian												Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian												Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian		23.03
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian												Bortonian		41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian												Heretaungan		47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
														Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian												Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian												Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
														Mangaotanean		90.5
														Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian												Arowhanan		93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
														Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Motuan		100.5
														Urutawan		103.3
													Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian												Korangan		113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan			Thouarsense	176
								180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		188.9
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian			254.14
						Puruhauan			254.2
						Puruhauan			Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian				Capitanian	Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian								Wordian	Urzhumian	264.28
								Noginskian				264.9 *
						Barettian						266
		Roadian							Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian							Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Leonardian	Cathedralian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
						Mangapirian						Irenian/Ufimian	276
												Filipovian	276.5 *
								Pavlovoposadian				Filipovian	276.8 *
												Saraninian	280.1 *
										Hessian		Saraninian	281.9 *
		Artinskian									Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
						Telfordian						Sarginian	285
												Irginian	285.9 *
									Wolfcampian	Lenoxian			286.1 *
								Rusavkinian					287.6 *
												Burtsevian	287.8 *
												Burtsevian	288.5
		Sakmarian									Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian									Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian								Nealian	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
												Uskalykian	294.8
												Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian						Dorogomilovian					303.7
					Khamovnikian			304.8
					Krevyakinian			305.8 *
		Moscovian			Myachkovian			307
					Podolskian			308.9 *
					Kashirian			311.4 *
					Vereian			313.8
					Melekessian			314.8
		Bashkirian			Melekessian			315.2
					Cheremshanian			316.9 *
					Prikamian			318.6 *
					Severokeltmian			319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian			321.2 *
					Voznesenian			321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Zapaltjubian		323.2
					Protvian		324.4 *
					Steshevian		326.8 *
					Tarusian		329 *
		Visean			Venevian		330.9
					Mikhailovian		331.9 *
			Aleksinian		333.7 *
			Tulian		335.8 *
			Bobrikian		339.9 *
			Radaevkian		343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Kosvian		346.7
			Kizelian		350.7 *
			Cherepetian		351.9 *
			Karakubian		354.4 *
			Upinian		356.3 *
			Malevkian		357.6 *
			Gumerovian		358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
		Pragian			Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian	Hirnantian					Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian					Bolindian	Chientangkiangian							445.2
							Eastonian	Chientangkiangian							449 *
							Eastonian	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang							449.5
							Gisbornian								452 *
		Sandbian					Gisbornian								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Darriwilian					Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian	Darriwilian					Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian					Yapeenian	Dapingian							467.3
		Dapingian					Castlemainian	Dapingian							468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian	Yiyangian							470
				Bendigonian		471.8 *
				Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian	477.7
							Lianghekou †	477.9 *
				Warendian			Lianghekou †	482.8 *
																485.4