PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permian of China	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran								0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Chibanian				Castlecliffian								0.34
				Calabrian				Castlecliffian								0.774
				Calabrian				Nukumaruan								1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan								1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian								2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian							Villanyian	2.58
								Waipipian							Villanyian	3
															Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean												3.6
				Zanclean				Opoitian								3.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean							Turolian	5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan								7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
															Vallesian	8.7
							Southland	Waiauan							Vallesian	11.04
				Serravallian				Waiauan							Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian				Lillburnian								13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian								13.82
								Clifdenian								15.1
							Pareora	Altonian								15.9
				Burdigalian				Altonian							Orleanian	15.98
								Otaian							Orleanian	18.7
															Agenian	20
				Aquitanian												20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian								21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian								23.03
								Duntroonian								25.2
								Whaingaroan								27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
							Arnold	Runangan								34.6
								Kaiatan								36.7
				Bartonian				Kaiatan								37.71
				Bartonian				Bortonian								39.1
				Lutetian				Bortonian								41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
								Heretaungan								45.7
				Ypresian				Heretaungan								47.8
								Mangaorapan								48.9
								Waipawan								52
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian								56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian								66
				Campanian				Haumurian								72.1
				Santonian				Piripauan								83.6
				Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
								Mangaotanean								90.5
								Arowhanan								93.7
				Cenomanian				Arowhanan								93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
								Motuan								99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan								100.5
								Urutawan								103.3
							Taitai	Korangan								108.4
				Aptian				Korangan								113
				Aptian												117.5
Barremian				121.4
Hauterivian				125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan	145
			Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan	150
						Heterian	154.5
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Callovian			Temaikan	164.3
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
			Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	174.7
					Herangi	Ururoan			Thouarsense	176
										180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
			Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
			Pliensbachian			Aratauran	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			188.9
			Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
			Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
			Norian				Warepan			208.5
							Otamitan			217
							Oretian			221
			Carnian				Oretian			227
			Carnian			Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan			237
			Ladinian				Etalian			238
			Anisian				Etalian			242
			Anisian				Malakovian			246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian			247.2
			Olenekian				Nelsonian			249
			Induan				Nelsonian			251.2
			Induan			DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan			Meishanian	251.902
							Waiitian			Meishanian	253.2
										Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian							Laoshanian	254.14
							Puruhauan			Laoshanian	254.2
							Puruhauan			Laibinian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian			Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian				Flettian			Kuhfengian	264.28
			Wordian				Barettian				266
			Roadian								266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian							Luodianian	273.01
			Kungurian				Mangapirian				276
			Artinskian				Mangapirian				283.5
							Telfordian				285
							Telfordian			Longlinian	285.4 *
											288.5
			Sakmarian								290.1
			Asselian							Zisongian	293.52
			Asselian								Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Mapingian †	298.9
													300.1
											Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
													Stephanian B	300.9 *
													Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian										Stephanian A	303.7
													Cantabrian	305 *
												305.9
			Moscovian									307
											Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
												Westphalian C	309.8
												Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian	315.2								Westphalian B
				Westphalian A								317 *
				Namurian							Yeadonian	318.8 *
											Marsdenian	320.2 *
											Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
											Alportian	322 *
											Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian	323.2
											Arnsbergian	324 *
											Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian							Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian							Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian							Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian							346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian							353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian								372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian								382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian								387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Kosovian						443.8
			Katian		Kralodvorian						Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian		Berounian							449.7 *
Sandbian			453
			Zahorany †/Vinice									Letna †	456.2 *
			Liben †										458 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian											458.4
					Dobrotivian								458.5 *
					Oretanian								459.7 *
			Sarka †										461.7 *
		Dapingian	Klabava †										467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian								468
Early Ordovician		Floian			Arenigian								470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
	Series 2	Stage 3				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian								Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau			1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan		1375
																1400