PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of Britain		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran	Cenozoic 6									0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene				0.0117
				Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene				0.129
				Chibanian				Castlecliffian						Middle Pleistocene				0.34
				Calabrian				Castlecliffian						Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Calabrian				Nukumaruan										1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan										1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian										2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian						Late Pliocene				2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian						Late Pliocene				3
				Zanclean				Waipipian						Early Pliocene				3.6
				Zanclean				Opoitian						Early Pliocene				3.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean						Late Miocene				5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan										7.2
				Tortonian				Tongaporutuan										7.246
				Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan										11.04
				Serravallian				Waiauan	Cenozoic 5					Middle Miocene				11.63
				Serravallian				Lillburnian										13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian										13.82
								Clifdenian										15.1
							Pareora	Altonian										15.9
				Burdigalian				Altonian						Early Miocene				15.98
				Burdigalian				Otaian										18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian										20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian										21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian	Cenozoic 4					Late Oligocene				23.03
								Duntroonian										25.2
								Whaingaroan										27.3
				Rupelian										Early Oligocene				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3					Late Eocene				33.9
							Arnold	Runangan										34.6
								Kaiatan										36.7
				Bartonian				Kaiatan						Middle Eocene				37.71
				Bartonian				Bortonian										39.1
				Lutetian				Bortonian	Cenozoic 2									41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan										42.6
								Heretaungan										45.7
				Ypresian				Heretaungan						Early Eocene				47.8
								Mangaorapan										48.9
								Waipawan										52
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian	Cenozoic 1					Late Paleocene				56
				Selandian										Middle Paleocene				59.2
				Danian										Early Paleocene				61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Mata	Haumurian	Cretaceous 8									66
				Campanian				Haumurian	Cretaceous 7									72.1
				Santonian				Piripauan	Cretaceous 6									83.6
				Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan										86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
								Mangaotanean										90.5
								Arowhanan										93.7
				Cenomanian				Arowhanan	Cretaceous 5									93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian										95.2
								Motuan										99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan	Cretaceous 4									100.5
								Urutawan										103.3
							Taitai	Korangan										108.4
				Aptian				Korangan	Cretaceous 3									113
				Aptian					Cretaceous 3									117.5
				Barremian					Cretaceous 2									121.4
				Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2									125.77
				Valanginian					Cretaceous 1									132.6
Berriasian				139.8					Cretaceous 1
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Jurassic 6	145
			Kimmeridgian		Jurassic 5	149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian		Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian				Humphresianum		168.4
			Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Jurassic 3		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons				180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				182
			Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Jurassic 2		184.2
			Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian				Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian				Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Triassic 1		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan				Triassic 1		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Permian 4		251.902
			Wuchiapingian						254.14
			Wuchiapingian						Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian							Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian				Permian 3		Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian				Permian 3		Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				Permian 2		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
										Filipovian	276.5 *
										Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian						Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
										Irginian	285.9 *
										Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian				Permian 1		Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
										Uskalykian	294.8
										Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Carboniferous 5				298.9
			Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian								Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian				Carboniferous 4					307
			Bashkirian									315.2
											Huashibanian	318.5 *
											Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3				Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian				Carboniferous 3				Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean				Carboniferous 2				Shangsian	330.9
			Visean				Carboniferous 2				Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian				Carboniferous 1				Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Devonian 5					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Devonian 4					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Devonian 3					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Devonian 3					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				Devonian 2					393.3
			Pragian				Devonian 1					407.6
			Lochkovian				Devonian 1					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Ashgill	Hirnantian				443.8
			Katian					Rawtheyan				445.2
								Cautleyan				448.9 *
								Pusgillian				449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
								Cheneyan					451.5 *
						Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
								Actonian †				453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †				Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †					455.2 *
					Aurelucian	456.8 *		Longvillian †
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
			Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						467.3
			Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian						470
Whitlandian						471.1 *
Moridunian						474.3 *
Tremadocian			Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
					Cressagian	480.8 *
					Cressagian	Mansian †						483.55 *
						Mansian †						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Merioneth						Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian				489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
													Aksaian			490.7 *
													Sakian			492.2 *
												Maentwrogian				493.1 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			St Davids							Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian											Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian											Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai			509				Amgan/Solvan
									Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Botomian				514
		Stage 3							Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian				521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian					1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian					1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan					1375
																		1400