PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of North America			European Faunal Units	Permian of the Russian Platform		Devonian Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene								0.0117
				Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene								0.129
				Calabrian					Early Pleistocene								0.774
				Gelasian					Early Pleistocene								1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				Villanyian				2.58
				Piacenzian					Late Pliocene				Ruscinian				3.1 *
				Zanclean					Early Pliocene				Ruscinian				3.6
			Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene				Turolian				5.333
				Tortonian									Turolian				7.246
				Tortonian									Vallesian				8.7
				Serravallian					Middle Miocene				Astaracian				11.63
				Langhian					Middle Miocene				Astaracian				13.82
				Burdigalian					Early Miocene				Orleanian				15.98
				Burdigalian									Agenian				20
				Aquitanian									Agenian				20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene								23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene								27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene								33.9
				Bartonian					Middle Eocene								37.71
				Lutetian					Middle Eocene								41.2
				Ypresian					Early Eocene								47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene								56
				Selandian					Middle Paleocene								59.2
				Danian					Early Paleocene								61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites												168.2
				Bajocian		Humphresianum											168.4
				Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense											174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons												180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum												182
				Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni												184.2
				Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi												192.9
				Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
				Wuchiapingian													254.14
				Wuchiapingian										Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											Severodvinian		259.51
				Wordian											Urzhumian		264.28
				Roadian										Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
				Roadian										Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Kungurian			Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
							Filipovian	276.5 *
							Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian			Sarginian	283.5
							Irginian	285.9 *
							Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian			Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian			Shikhanian	Bursumian †		293.52
							Uskalykian			294.8
							Surenian			297.5
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian		298.9
			Kasimovian					Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian					Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian					Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian					Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chesterian		323.2
			Visean					Chesterian		330.9
								Meramecian		335.8 *
								Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian					Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					Late Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
								Middle Famennian			365.3 *
								Early Famennian			368.5 *
			Frasnian					Late Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
								Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
								Early Frasnian			379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Late Givetian		Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian			383.7 *
								Early Givetian			385.9 *
			Eifelian					Late Eifelian		Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian					Early Eifelian		Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Late Emsian		Emsian	393.3
			Emsian					Early Emsian		Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian					Pragian		Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian		Gedinnine	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli						Cayugan				419.2
		Pridoli						Niagaran				422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian						433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Dapingian	Middle Ordovician	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian		1000											Karatau
		Stenian		Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian		Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian		Burzyan			1375
																	1400