PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian of the Russian Platform		Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean											0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean											0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean											0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian											0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian											0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan											1.4
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								Tertiary †				2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene												3.6
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene	Hemphillian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian											9.4
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene	Clarendonian											11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian											12.5
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene												15.98
						Hemingfordian											16.3
						Arikareean											18.5
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene												23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene												27.82
						Whitneyan											29.5
						Orellan											31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	Chadronian											33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene	Duchesnean											37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene	Duchesnean											37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan											39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan											41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian											46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	Bridgerian											47.8
						Wasatchian											50.5
						Clarkforkian											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian											56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Tiffanian											56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian											59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian											60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Torrejonian											61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Puercan											63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
		Campanian															72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Epizigzagiceras										168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense										168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta										174.7
							Planulata	179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
									180.1
							Kanense		181.3 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Kanense		182
							Carlottense		182.3 *
							Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Kunae		184.2
							Freboldi		185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
									Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							192.9
							Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
							Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
		Wuchiapingian								Zechstein	Longtanian †	254.14
		Wuchiapingian								Zechstein	Longtanian †	Tatarian		Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Severodvinian	Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian								Urzhumian					264.28
		Roadian								Kazanian		Povolzhian			266.9
		Roadian								Kazanian		Sokian			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kungurian		Irenian/Ufimian			273.01
												Filipovian			276.5 *
												Saraninian			280.1 *
		Artinskian								Artinskian	Sarginian	Autunian			283.5
											Irginian				285.9 *
											Burtsevian				287.8 *
		Sakmarian								Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian				290.1
		Sakmarian								Sakmarian	Tastubian				291.7 *
		Asselian								Asselian	Shikhanian				293.52
											Uskalykian				294.8
											Surenian				297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian													Late Pennsylvanian	303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian								358.9
					Middle Famennian								365.3 *
					Early Famennian								368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian								372.2
					Middle Frasnian								375.4 *
					Early Frasnian								379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian								382.7
					Middle Givetian								383.7 *
					Early Givetian								385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian								387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian								390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian								393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian								398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian								407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian								410.8
					Middle Lochkovian								412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian								415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10		Sunwaptan			487.5
		Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan			489.5
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Series 3 †	Marjumian			Albertian †	497
		Drumian		Marjumian				500.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †				Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan		Stage 5 †				Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran	514
								Montezuman	514.8 *
								Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
																	538.8