PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Permian of Western Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene							2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene							3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene							7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene							11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene							13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene	MP 16			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11						41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Gashatan			56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites									168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum								168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense								174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons									180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum									182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni									184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi									192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Zechstein				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Rotliegendes				259.51
		Wordian										264.28
		Roadian										266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian										273.01
		Artinskian						Autunian				283.5
		Sakmarian										290.1
		Asselian										293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian									303.7
		Moscovian									307
		Bashkirian									315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian									323.2
		Visean									330.9
		Tournaisian									346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian									358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian									372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian									382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian									387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian									393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian				477.7
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian		Lianghekou †		477.9 *
												485.4