PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Lancian/Edmontonian	66
		Campanian										Judithian/Aquilan	72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum									168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons										180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum										182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni										184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi										192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian											254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian											283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian			Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian		453
								Turinian		453.7 *
					Whiterockian				Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian			Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean				477.7
								Stairsian				480.3 *
								Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Skullrockian				485.4
													487.5