PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cenozoic Subepochs	Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of China			Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of Kazakhstan
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean			Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian			Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian			Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian			Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											66
		Campanian											72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites										168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum									168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense									174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons										180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum										182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni										184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi										192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Zechstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Rotliegendes		259.51
		Wordian											264.28
		Roadian											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian											273.01
		Artinskian									Autunian		283.5
		Sakmarian											290.1
		Asselian											293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Hirnantian			Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian			Chientangkiangian				Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
		Sandbian			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian			Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian			Darriwilian			Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian			Dapingian					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Yiyangian					470
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian					Ungurian		477.7
		Tremadocian			Xinchangian				Lianghekou †	Ungurian		477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Batyrbaian		485.4
		Jiangshanian								Batyrbaian		489.5
										Aksaian		490.7 *
										Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian								Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Ayusokkanian		497
		Guzhangian										499.5
		Drumian								Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian								Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan								Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan										505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4		509
				Toyonian						510 *
				Botomian						512.5 *
		Stage 3		Botomian						514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian						515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian	521
													525.5