PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain				Permian Subages of Germany	Ammonite Chrons of North America	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan																Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene							Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene							Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian																Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene							Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian																Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene							Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian																Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene								15.98
																		Hemingfordian	16.3
																		Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene								23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene								27.82
																		Whitneyan	29.5
																		Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene							Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene							Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene							Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian																Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian																Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian																Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene							Bridgerian	47.8
																		Wasatchian	50.5
																		Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene							Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian									Late Paleocene							Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene							Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene							Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene							Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene							Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites														Epizigzagiceras		168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum													Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum														Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense													Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
						Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
							180.1
					Kanense		181.3 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Kanense		182
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian						Leine	264.28
		Roadian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
		Artinskian							283.5
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
		Pragian							Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian							Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani		433.4
		Telychian							Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian		Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian									Gamachian		Rawtheyan		445.2
											Richmondian		Rawtheyan		446 *
													Cautleyan		448.9 *
													Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
				Pusgillian									449.3 *
				Caradoc								Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
											Maysvillian				Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
											Edenian					450.4 *
									Mohawkian		Chatfieldian					451.1 *
												Cheneyan				451.5 *
												Cheneyan		Gisbornian		452 *
												Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian														453
													Actonian †			453.2 *
											Turinian		Actonian †			453.7 *
													Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
							Longvillian †						455.2 *
												Aurelucian	456.8 *
			Whiterockian			Canadian †			Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
							Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						Darriwilian	458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						Darriwilian	461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						Yapeenian	467.3
				Arenig			Fennian						Yapeenian	468.4 *
													Castlemainian	468.5 *
					Rangerian								Castlemainian	469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian				Jeffersonian †				Cassinian †	Chewtonian	470
							Whitlandian							Chewtonian	471.1 *
														Bendigonian	471.8 *
								Lancefieldian						473.5 *
					Tulean									473.9 *
							Moridunian							474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc			Migneintian							477.7
					Stairsian		Migneintian							480.3 *
					Stairsian		Cressagian							480.8 *
					Skullrockian								Demingian †	482 *
								Warendian						482.8 *
								Warendian						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
																			487.5