PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127356 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of China			Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Sheridanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian												Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian												Cudahyan/Sappan			Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian												Senecan/Rexroadian			Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
				Zanclean																3.6
				Zanclean												Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian			Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian			Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
																Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian			Hemingfordian	16.3
																late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian		Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
																	Monroecreekian			23.1 *
																	Geringian			24.7 *
				Rupelian													Geringian			27.82
																			Whitneyan	29.5
																			Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian															Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian															Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan			Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian			Bridgerian	47.8
																Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean			Wasatchian	50.5
																		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian														To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian														To3/To2/To1	Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian														Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites															168.2
				Bajocian		Humphresianum														168.4
Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian			Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian				305.9
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian				Chientangkiangian				Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						Pusgillian	449.5
											Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
											Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
											Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
											Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian								Keila				Idavere †	453
											Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
											Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
											Kukruse						456.4 *
													Aurelucian				456.8 *
														Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
											Uhaku			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aluoja †		457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo	Llanvirn			Uhaku	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
											Aseri	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
										Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
				Valaste †/Hunderum										464.3 *
							Hunjiang †		Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo					466.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian		Dapingian										467.3
								Arenig				Fennian			468.4 *
											Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian										470
Latorp †														470.1 *
												Whitlandian		471.1 *
											Hunneberg	Whitlandian		473.7 *
												Moridunian		474.3 *
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian			Tremadoc				Migneintian		477.7
									Lianghekou †			Migneintian		477.9 *
												Cressagian		480.8 *
											Varangu			481.3 *
											Pakerort			482.2 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †		Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †		Wonokan †	571.7 *
																				635