PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ordovician of the Baltic				South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							Lujanian						0.0117
		Chibanian							Lujanian						0.129
		Chibanian							Ensenadan						0.3 *
		Calabrian							Ensenadan						0.774
		Calabrian							Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
		Gelasian							Sanandresian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Vorohuean						2.58
		Piacenzian							Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
		Zanclean							Chapadmalalan						3.6
									Montehermosan						3.7 *
									Huayquerian						4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
									Chasicoan						7.9 *
									Mayoan						9.9 *
									Laventan						10.9 *
		Serravallian							Laventan						11.63
		Serravallian							Colloncuran						13.7 *
		Langhian							Colloncuran						13.82
		Langhian							Friasian						15.4 *
		Burdigalian							Friasian						15.98
									Santacrucian						16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
		Aquitanian							Colhuehuapian						20.44
		Aquitanian							Deseadan						20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
		Rupelian													27.82
		Rupelian							Tinguirirican						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian							Tinguirirican						33.9
		Priabonian							Divisaderan						35.9 *
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian							Mustersan						41.9 *
		Ypresian							Mustersan						47.8
		Ypresian							Casamayoran						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Riochican						56
									Itaboraian						56.9 *
									Peligran						58.9 *
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
		Danian							Tiupampan						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											Late Albian		100.5
													Middle Albian		106.2 *
													Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian		113
		Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian											Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
													Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
													Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Late Bajocian	168.2
					Late Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.4
					Early Bajocian	Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		Thouarsense	Late Toarcian	174.7
						Late Toarcian	180.1
						Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Middle Toarcian	182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian	251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
		Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Tatarian	Vyatkian		256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian		259.51
		Wordian						Urzhumian		264.28
		Roadian					Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
		Roadian					Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
								Filipovian		276.5 *
								Saraninian		280.1 *
		Artinskian					Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
								Irginian	285.9 *
								Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian					Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
								Uskalykian	294.8
								Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
		Kasimovian					Late Pennsylvanian			303.7
		Moscovian					Middle Pennsylvanian			307
		Bashkirian					Early Pennsylvanian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Late Mississippian			323.2
		Visean					Middle Mississippian			330.9
		Tournaisian					Early Mississippian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian								Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli									Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare						423
		Ludfordian		Paadla						423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula						427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu						429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu						430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani						431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani	433.4
		Telychian		Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Harju	Porkuni							443.8
		Katian	Pirgu		445.2
			Vormsi		449.6 *
			Nabala		Johvi †							450 *
			Viru	Rakvere								450.6 *
				Oandu								452 *
		Sandbian		Keila	Idavere †							453
				Haljala								453.9
				Kukruse								456.4 *
				Uhaku	Aluoja †							457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku								458.4
				Lasnamagi								458.9 *
				Aseri								460.4 *
			Oeland	Kunda								462.9 *
				Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum							464.3 *
				Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian		Volkhov									467.3
		Dapingian		Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
					Latorp †							470.1 *
				Hunneberg								473.7 *
		Tremadocian		Hunneberg								477.7
				Varangu								481.3 *
				Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Pakerort								485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	509
		Stage 3										Branchian	514
		Stage 3						Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
															538.8