PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Mammal Paleogene Zones		Permian of Western Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene						3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene						7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene						11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene						13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene						15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene	MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene	MP 16			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene	MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7				Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene	MP 6	MP 1 - 5		Gashatan		56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene						61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites											168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum										168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense										174.7
			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons											180.1
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum											182
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni											184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi											192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Zechstein			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Rotliegendes			259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian									Autunian			283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		443.8
		Katian						Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
		Sandbian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
		Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
		Dapingian						Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Yiyangian				470
		Tremadocian						Xinchangian				477.7
		Tremadocian						Xinchangian		Lianghekou †		477.9 *
														485.4