PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene		0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene		0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene		0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene		1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene		5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene		7.246
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene		11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene		13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene		15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene		33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene		37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene		41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene		56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene		59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
		Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
		Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
		Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian				100.5
						Middle Albian				106.2 *
						Early Albian				109.9 *
		Aptian				Late Aptian				113
		Aptian				Early Aptian				119.5 *
		Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian				139.8
						Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
						Early Berriasian				142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
		Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			Late Bajocian				168.2
				Humphresianum		Late Bajocian				168.4
				Humphresianum		Early Bajocian				168.6 *
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		Late Toarcian				174.7
						Late Toarcian				180.1
						Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Middle Toarcian				182
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			Early Toarcian				182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian				Sevatian				208.5
						Alaunian				213.2 *
						Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian				227
		Carnian				Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Gzhelian				Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian				Xiaodushanian		303.7
		Kasimovian				Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
						Huashibanian		318.5 *
						Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian		323.2
		Serpukhovian				Shangsian		330.8 *
		Visean				Shangsian		330.9
		Visean				Jiusian		335 *
		Tournaisian				Tangbagouan		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan				485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Marjumian				Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Marjumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Topazan					504.5
		Wuliuan	Delamaran					506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Delamaran				Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4	Dyeran					511 *
		Stage 3	Dyeran					514
			Montezuman					514.8 *
			Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
										538.8