PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Devonian of Germany	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian of the Baltic	Mesozoic Subages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Cenozoic 6				0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Chibanian										0.129
				Calabrian										0.774
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean										3.6
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
				Serravallian						Cenozoic 5				11.63
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian										15.98
				Aquitanian										20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian				Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	Cenozoic 4				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Cenozoic 3				33.9
				Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Cenozoic 3				37.71
				Lutetian						Cenozoic 2				41.2
				Ypresian					Bumbanian	Cenozoic 2				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan		Cenozoic 1				56
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
				Campanian						Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
				Santonian						Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
				Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
				Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
				Cenomanian						Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Cretaceous 4		Late Albian		100.5
												Middle Albian		106.2 *
												Early Albian		109.9 *
				Aptian						Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian		113
				Aptian						Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian		119.5 *
				Barremian						Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
				Hauterivian						Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
				Valanginian						Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
				Berriasian								Late Berriasian		139.8
												Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
												Early Berriasian		142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
				Tithonian						Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian						Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
				Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
				Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
				Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
				Bathonian						Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
				Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							Late Bajocian		168.2
						Humphresianum						Late Bajocian		168.4
						Humphresianum						Early Bajocian		168.6 *
				Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum					Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense						Late Toarcian		174.7
												Late Toarcian		180.1
												Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							Middle Toarcian		182
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum							Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni					Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi					Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis					Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						Triassic 4				201.4
				Norian								Sevatian		208.5
												Alaunian		213.2 *
Lacian							216.7 *
Carnian				Triassic 3			Tuvalian			227
Carnian				Triassic 3			Julian			233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Triassic 2			Longobardian			237
			Ladinian				Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian			242
							Pelsonian			243.8 *
							Bithynian			244.7 *
							Aegean			245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1			Spathian			247.2
			Olenekian				Smithian			248.9 *
			Induan				Dienerian			251.2
			Induan				Griesbachian			251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							259.51
			Wordian							264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
			Artinskian							283.5
			Sakmarian							290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				Devonian 5	Late Famennian	358.9
									Middle Famennian	365.3 *
									Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian	Adorf				Devonian 4	Late Frasnian	372.2
									Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
									Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian				Devonian 3	Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian	Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian	Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				Devonian 2	Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Emsian				Devonian 2	Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Siegen				Devonian 1	Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine					Late Lochkovian	410.8
									Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
	Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	Ohesaare		419.2
		Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani		Silurian 1	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere			434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere			438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula			439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula			440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru			441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ordovician 5			443.8
			Katian		Ordovician 5			445.2
			Sandbian		Ordovician 4			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Ordovician 3			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		Ordovician 2			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ordovician 2			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		Ordovician 1			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Cambrian 5			485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Cambrian 4			497
			Drumian		Cambrian 4			500.5
			Wuliuan		Cambrian 3			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Cambrian 3			509
		Series 2	Stage 3		Cambrian 2			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Cambrian 2			521
Fortunian		Terreneuvian	Cambrian 1		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran						Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
		Tonian						Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian						Karatau	1000
		Stenian						Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian						Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan	1375
														1400