PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Ordovician of Australia	Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Chibanian									Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian			2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian			3
		Zanclean									Waipipian			3.6
		Zanclean									Opoitian			3.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian									Tongaporutuan			7.246
		Tortonian								Southland	Waiauan			11.04
		Serravallian									Waiauan			11.63
		Serravallian									Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian			13.82
											Clifdenian			15.1
										Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian									Altonian			15.98
		Burdigalian									Otaian			18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian			20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian			21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Waitakian			23.03
											Duntroonian			25.2
											Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
										Arnold	Runangan			34.6
											Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian			41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
											Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan			47.8
											Mangaorapan			48.9
											Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian			56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Mata	Haumurian		Senonian	66
		Campanian									Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
											Mangaotanean			90.5
											Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan			93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
											Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan		Gallic	100.5
											Urutawan			103.3
										Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian									Korangan			113
		Aptian												117.5
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian											Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian				Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
					Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
		Induan					251.2
		Induan					Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb	266.9
		Roadian						270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
								Stephanian		Stephanian C		300.3 *
										Stephanian B		300.9 *
										Stephanian A		301.4 *
		Kasimovian								Stephanian A		303.7
										Cantabrian		305 *
												305.9
		Moscovian										307
								Westphalian		Westphalian D		307.4 *
										Westphalian C		309.8
										Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian								Westphalian B		315.2
										Westphalian A		317 *
								Namurian		Yeadonian		318.8 *
										Marsdenian		320.2 *
										Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
										Alportian		322 *
										Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								Chokierian		323.2
										Arnsbergian		324 *
										Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean						Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
								Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
								Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian						Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Gleedonian		427.4
		Homerian		Whitwellian		429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Bolindian	443.8
		Katian			Bolindian	445.2
					Eastonian	449 *
					Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian			Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian			Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian	470
					Bendigonian	471.8 *
					Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian			Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian			Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian		485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
														538.8