PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous of China	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian Epochs	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian												Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian		Mangapanian	2.58
												Villanyian		Waipipian	3
												Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean													3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
												Vallesian			8.7
												Vallesian	Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian										Astaracian		Waiauan	11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian	13.82
														Clifdenian	15.1
													Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian										Orleanian		Altonian	15.98
												Orleanian		Otaian	18.7
												Agenian			20
		Aquitanian													20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian	23.03
														Duntroonian	25.2
														Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
													Arnold	Runangan	34.6
														Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian												Bortonian	41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
														Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian												Heretaungan	47.8
														Mangaorapan	48.9
														Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian	56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian											Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian												Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian												Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
														Mangaotanean	90.5
														Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian												Arowhanan	93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
														Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Motuan	100.5
														Urutawan	103.3
													Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian												Korangan	113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
			Kawhia	Ohauan		150
				Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Callovian		Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian					Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
			Herangi	Ururoan			Thouarsense	176
								180.1
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Pliensbachian		Aratauran		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		188.9
		Sinemurian				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour		Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian				Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore		Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville		Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian				Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima		Flettian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian				Flettian			264.28
						Barettian			266
								Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian						Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian	273.01
						Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
								Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian							283.5
						Telfordian			285
						Telfordian		Yakhtashian	286
								Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian						Asselian	293.52
		Asselian						Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
										Xiaodushanian	300 *
									Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
											Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian									Stephanian A	303.7
											Cantabrian	305 *
										Dalaun		305.8 *
		Moscovian										307
									Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
											Westphalian C	309.8
											Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			315.2						Westphalian B
					Westphalian A						317 *
					Westphalian A					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Namurian				Yeadonian		318.8 *
									Marsdenian		320.2 *
									Marsdenian	Lousuan	321.2 *
									Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
									Alportian		322 *
									Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							Chokierian	Dewunian	323.2
									Arnsbergian		324 *
									Pendleian		327.4 *
									Pendleian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †		330.9	Shangsian
					Warnantian		Brigantian †		Jiusian	335 *
					Livian		Asbian †			336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian				Tangbagouan	346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian				Tangbagouan	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli								Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Jaani	433.4
		Telychian							Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian							Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian							Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian								Pirgu		445.2
										Vormsi		449.6 *
										Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
										Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian								Keila		Idavere †	453
				Haljala		453.9
				Kukruse		456.4 *
				Uhaku		Aluoja †				457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku						458.4
				Lasnamagi				458.9 *
				Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland				Kunda	462.9 *
						Valaste †/Hunderum		Kunda	464.3 *
								Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian						Volkhov		467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen		469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
						Latorp †				470.1 *
								Hunneberg		473.7 *
		Tremadocian						Hunneberg		477.7
								Varangu		481.3 *
								Pakerort		482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian		Pakerort				485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian						497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian						509
	Series 2	Stage 3										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
															538.8