PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Permian of China	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of France	Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran								0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian				Middle Pleistocene				0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian				Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan								1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan								1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian								2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian				Late Pliocene				2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian				Late Pliocene				3
		Zanclean					Waipipian				Early Pliocene				3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian				Early Pliocene				3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean				Late Miocene				5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan								7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan								7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan								11.04
		Serravallian					Waiauan				Middle Miocene				11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian								13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian								13.82
							Clifdenian								15.1
						Pareora	Altonian								15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian				Early Miocene				15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian								18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian								20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian								21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian				Late Oligocene				23.03
							Duntroonian								25.2
							Whaingaroan								27.3
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene				33.9
						Arnold	Runangan								34.6
							Kaiatan								36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan				Middle Eocene				37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian								39.1
		Lutetian					Bortonian								41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
							Heretaungan								45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan				Early Eocene				47.8
							Mangaorapan								48.9
							Waipawan								52
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian				Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Mata	Haumurian								66
		Campanian					Haumurian								72.1
		Santonian					Piripauan								83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan								86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
							Mangaotanean								90.5
							Arowhanan								93.7
		Cenomanian					Arowhanan								93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian								95.2
							Motuan								99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan								100.5
							Urutawan								103.3
						Taitai	Korangan								108.4
		Aptian					Korangan								113
		Aptian													117.5
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian				Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian				Laoshanian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian				Laibinian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Lengwuan		259.51
		Wordian				Kuhfengian		264.28
		Roadian				Kuhfengian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Luodianian		273.01
		Artinskian				Luodianian		283.5
		Artinskian				Longlinian		285.4 *
		Sakmarian				Longlinian		290.1
		Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian		298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						Couvinien	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien			408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian					Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
			Dobrotivian				458.5 *
			Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian					Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian										468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Tremadocian										477.7
															485.4