PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian Subages	Permian of North America		Permian of the Salt Range	Carboniferous of Western Europe		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															Lujanian				0.0117
		Chibanian															Lujanian				0.129
		Chibanian															Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian															Ensenadan				0.774
		Calabrian															Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian															Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Tertiary †			Vorohuean				2.58
		Piacenzian															Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
		Zanclean															Chapadmalalan				3.6
																	Montehermosan				3.7 *
																	Huayquerian				4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
																	Chasicoan				7.9 *
																	Mayoan				9.9 *
																	Laventan				10.9 *
		Serravallian															Laventan				11.63
		Serravallian															Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian															Colloncuran				13.82
		Langhian															Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian															Friasian				15.98
																	Santacrucian				16.2 *
																	Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
		Aquitanian															Colhuehuapian				20.44
		Aquitanian															Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
		Rupelian																			27.82
		Rupelian															Tinguirirican				28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian															Tinguirirican				33.9
		Priabonian															Divisaderan				35.9 *
		Bartonian																			37.71
		Lutetian																			41.2
		Lutetian															Mustersan				41.9 *
		Ypresian															Mustersan				47.8
		Ypresian															Casamayoran				47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Riochican				56
																	Itaboraian				56.9 *
																	Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																			59.2
		Danian																			61.6
		Danian															Tiupampan				62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	Oteke	Puaroan	145
		Kimmeridgian																	Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																			Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																				Heterian	154.5
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Callovian																		Temaikan	164.3
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		Epizigzagiceras																168.2
		Bajocian		Humphresianum	Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense																168.4
		Aalenian	Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	Herangi	Ururoan	176
					Planulata			179.3 *
								Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
									180.1
					Kanense				181.3 *
			Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		Kanense				182
					Carlottense				182.3 *
					Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		Kunae				184.2
					Freboldi				185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Aratauran			188.9
										189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi							192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian						Warepan		208.5
								Otamitan		217
								Oretian		221
		Carnian						Oretian		227
		Carnian					Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian						Etalian		238
		Anisian						Etalian		242
		Anisian						Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian						Nelsonian		249
		Induan						Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan					Kathwai	DUrville		Makarewan	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Kathwai				251.902
											252.4 *
							Chhidru				252.9 *
										Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian								Waiitian	Longtanian †	254.14
										Puruhauan		254.2
							Kalabagh					255 *
							Wargal					256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian			Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian						Wordian					264.28
													265.3 *
												Barettian	266
							Amb						266.1 *
		Roadian					Amb	Roadian					266.9
		Roadian						Roadian					270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian					Cathedralian	273.01
												Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
													Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian												283.5
												Telfordian		285
								Wolfcampian				Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
														288.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian											Nealian	293.52
		Asselian											Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												Kuzel	298.9
														Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
															Stephanian B	300.9 *
															Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian													Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian													Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian													Cantabrian	307
														Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
															Westphalian C	309.8
															Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian		315.2											Westphalian B
				Westphalian A											317 *
				Namurian										Yeadonian	318.8 *
														Marsdenian	320.2 *
														Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
														Alportian	322 *
														Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian												Chokierian	323.2
														Arnsbergian	324 *
														Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian										Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian										Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian										Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian										346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian										353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian		358.9
			Middle Famennian		365.3 *
			Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian		372.2
			Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
			Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian		382.7
			Middle Givetian		383.7 *
			Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			443.8
		Katian			445.2
		Sandbian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Series 3 †	497
		Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan				Stage 5 †	504.5
																					509