PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Lujanian			0.0117
		Chibanian		Lujanian			0.129
		Chibanian		Ensenadan			0.3 *
		Calabrian		Ensenadan			0.774
		Calabrian		Sanandresian	Uquian †		1.7 *
		Gelasian		Sanandresian			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Vorohuean			2.58
		Piacenzian		Chapadmalalan			2.9 *
		Zanclean		Chapadmalalan			3.6
				Montehermosan			3.7 *
				Huayquerian			4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian					5.333
		Tortonian					7.246
				Chasicoan			7.9 *
				Mayoan			9.9 *
				Laventan			10.9 *
		Serravallian		Laventan			11.63
		Serravallian		Colloncuran			13.7 *
		Langhian		Colloncuran			13.82
		Langhian		Friasian			15.4 *
		Burdigalian		Friasian			15.98
				Santacrucian			16.2 *
				Colhuehuapian			17.4 *
		Aquitanian		Colhuehuapian			20.44
		Aquitanian		Deseadan			20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					23.03
		Rupelian					27.82
		Rupelian		Tinguirirican			28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian		Tinguirirican			33.9
		Priabonian		Divisaderan			35.9 *
		Bartonian					37.71
		Lutetian					41.2
		Lutetian		Mustersan			41.9 *
		Ypresian		Mustersan			47.8
		Ypresian		Casamayoran			47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Riochican			56
				Itaboraian			56.9 *
				Peligran			58.9 *
		Selandian					59.2
		Danian					61.6
		Danian		Tiupampan			62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian				66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan				72.1
		Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					100.5
		Aptian					113
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
							419.2