PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of West Avalonia		European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Sheridanian				Late Pleistocene				0.0117
				Chibanian		Sheridanian				Middle Pleistocene				0.129
				Chibanian		Cudahyan/Sappan				Middle Pleistocene				0.21
				Calabrian		Cudahyan/Sappan				Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Calabrian		Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene			Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian						Late Pliocene			Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean						Early Pliocene				3.6
				Zanclean		Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Early Pliocene				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene			Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian									Turolian	7.246
													Vallesian	8.7
						Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							Vallesian	9.4
				Serravallian		Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Middle Miocene			Astaracian	11.63
				Serravallian		late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian						Early Miocene			Orleanian	15.98
						Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian								16.3
						late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
													Agenian	20
				Aquitanian									Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene				23.03
							Monroecreekian							23.1 *
							Geringian							24.7 *
				Rupelian			Geringian			Early Oligocene				27.82
				Rupelian						Early Oligocene				29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Late Eocene				33.9
				Priabonian						Late Eocene				37
				Bartonian						Middle Eocene				37.71
				Bartonian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian		Late Uintan/Early Uintan								41.2
				Lutetian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
				Ypresian		Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Early Eocene				47.8
						Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean								50.5
								Cf3/Cf2/Cf1						54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Late Paleocene				56
				Thanetian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Late Paleocene				56.2
				Selandian				Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Middle Paleocene				59.2
				Selandian				To3/To2/To1		Middle Paleocene				60.9
				Danian				To3/To2/To1		Early Paleocene				61.6
				Danian				Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Early Paleocene				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian									66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
			Wuchiapingian	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Tatarian					Vyatkian		256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Severodvinian		259.51
			Wordian						Urzhumian		264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian					Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian					Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian					Irenian/Ufimian		273.01
									Filipovian		276.5 *
									Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian					Sarginian		283.5
									Irginian		285.9 *
									Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian					Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian					Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian					Shikhanian		293.52
									Uskalykian		294.8
									Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
			Kasimovian						Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
			Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian		323.2
			Visean						Middle Mississippian		330.9
			Tournaisian						Early Mississippian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien			Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian									407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien						408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
			Katian		445.2
			Sandbian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		485.4
			Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian		494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian		497
			Guzhangian		Arcadian			498.4
			Drumian					500.5
			Wuliuan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian			509
			Stage 3		Branchian			514
			Stage 3		Placentian			517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian								Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau		1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan		1375
														1400