PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian						0.0042
		Greenlandian						0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian		Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian		Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian		Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						2.58
		Zanclean						3.6
		Zanclean		Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian						5.333
		Tortonian						7.246
		Tortonian		Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian		Clarendonian				11.63
		Serravallian		Barstovian				12.5
		Langhian						13.82
		Burdigalian						15.98
				Hemingfordian				16.3
				Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian						20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						23.03
		Rupelian						27.82
				Whitneyan				29.5
				Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Chadronian				33.9
		Priabonian		Duchesnean				37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean				37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian		Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian		Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian		Bridgerian				47.8
				Wasatchian				50.5
				Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Clarkforkian				56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian				56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian		Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian			Senonian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Gallic		100.5
		Aptian						113
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian				Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
								419.2