PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127472 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Tertiary †			Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian							Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian							Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian								Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan								Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian							Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan								Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian													66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan													72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian														168.2
		Aalenian														170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian														174.7
		Pliensbachian														184.2
		Sinemurian														192.9
		Hettangian														199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian														208.5
		Carnian														227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian														237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian														242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian														247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan														251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Longtanian †						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian														259.51
		Wordian														264.28
		Roadian														266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
		Artinskian														283.5
		Sakmarian														290.1
		Asselian														293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Late Pennsylvanian										298.9
		Kasimovian				Late Pennsylvanian										303.7
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian										307
		Bashkirian				Early Pennsylvanian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean				Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian				Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	Southwoodian			Cazenovian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian		393.3
		Pragian					Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli												419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian											433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian								Gamachian	443.8
		Katian		445.2									Gamachian
				Richmondian									446 *
				Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian			449.8 *
				Edenian								450.4 *
			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian	451.1 *
		Sandbian		Chatfieldian	453
				Turinian	453.7 *
			Whiterockian		Canadian †				Chazyan †/Marmor			457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian		Rangerian								469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †	470
		Floian		Tulean									473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tulean									Ungurian	477.7
				Stairsian										480.3 *
				Skullrockian								Demingian †		482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10		Skullrockian	Batyrbaian									485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
					Aksaian									490.7 *
					Sakian									492.2 *
		Paibian			Sakian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian									Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian													499.5
		Drumian			Zhanaarykian										500.5
		Drumian			Tuesaian										503
		Wuliuan			Tuesaian					Stage 5 †					504.5
		Wuliuan								Stage 5 †					505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4													509
					Toyonian										510 *
					Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian										514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian										515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian										521
																525.5