PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of Britain	Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean							Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian							Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian							Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian							Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian							Agenian	20
		Aquitanian							Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian								41.2
		Ypresian			Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Gashatan						56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian							66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan							72.1
		Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								100.5
		Aptian								113
		Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								125.77
		Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								145
		Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								168.2
		Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								174.7
		Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Dorashamian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Dzhulfian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Midian		259.51
		Wordian						Midian		264.28
		Wordian						Murgabian		266.2 *
		Roadian						Murgabian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		273.01
		Kungurian						Bolorian		279.8
		Artinskian						Bolorian		283.5
		Artinskian						Yakhtashian		286
		Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian		485.4
		Stage 10		Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian		Festiniogian			489.5
		Jiangshanian		Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian		Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	St Davids		Middle Cambrian		497
		Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai		Early Cambrian		509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
										538.8