PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Permian of the Salt Range	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian							0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian							0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Serravallian									11.63
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian									41.2
		Ypresian				Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Gashatan						56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian						Senonian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Gallic		100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian							Neocomian		125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
		Induan									251.2
		Induan						Kathwai			251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian	Kathwai			251.902
											252.4 *
								Chhidru			252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian	Chhidru			254.14
								Kalabagh			255 *
								Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian				259.51
		Wordian									264.28
											265.3 *
								Amb			266.1 *
							Murgabian				266.2 *
		Roadian									266.9
		Roadian								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
			Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †		454.2 *
						Longvillian †			455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig		Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian				470
					Whitlandian				471.1 *
					Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian				477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Cressagian				480.8 *
											485 *