PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Silurian of the Baltic	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Australia	Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages	Cambrian of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian										0.0117
				Chibanian		Ionian										0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Serravallian												11.63
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
				Bartonian												37.71
				Lutetian												41.2
				Ypresian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian											66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
				Santonian												83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian												93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
				Aptian												113
				Barremian												121.4
				Hauterivian												125.77
				Valanginian												132.6
				Berriasian												139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
				Kimmeridgian												149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian												165.3
				Bajocian												168.2
				Aalenian												170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
				Pliensbachian												184.2
				Sinemurian												192.9
				Hettangian												199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
				Norian												208.5
				Carnian												227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Dorashamian				251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								Dzhulfian				254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian								Midian				259.51
				Wordian								Midian				264.28
				Wordian								Murgabian				266.2 *
				Roadian								Murgabian				266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian								Kubergandian				273.01
				Kungurian								Bolorian				279.8
				Artinskian								Bolorian				283.5
				Artinskian								Yakhtashian				286
				Sakmarian								Sakmarian				290.1
				Asselian								Asselian				293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
Kasimovian				303.7
Moscovian				307
Bashkirian				315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Srbsko		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Chotec		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Daleje/Zlichovian		393.3
			Pragian	Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian	Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli		Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian	Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian	Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian	Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian	Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani			433.4
			Telychian	Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian		443.8
			Katian		Bolindian		445.2
					Eastonian		449 *
					Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian		Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian		Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian		470
					Bendigonian		471.8 *
					Lancefieldian		473.5 *
			Tremadocian		Lancefieldian		477.7
			Tremadocian		Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10				Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10					Festiniogian	Niuchehean		489.2 *
			Jiangshanian					Festiniogian	Jiangshanian		489.5
			Jiangshanian					Maentwrogian	Jiangshanian		493.1 *
			Paibian						Paibian		494
			Paibian						Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids		Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian						Drumian	Wangcunian †	500.5
			Wuliuan						Wuliuan/Taijangian		504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai		Duyunian		509
	Stage 3	Series 2	Nangaoian						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian						530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †		Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran									Vendian †		Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan		1375
																1400