PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Carboniferous of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous Subepochs	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian											0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian											0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian	7.246
		Serravallian												Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian												Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian												66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan												72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian													254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
		Wordian													264.28
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian													293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian								Xiaodushanian					300 *
		Kasimovian								Xiaodushanian					303.7
		Kasimovian			Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian				Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian	Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean		Jiusian	Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian		Adorf		West Fallsian/Sonyean		Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Late Givetian	382.7
									Middle Givetian	383.7 *
									Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian		Eifelian		Southwoodian			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian		Eifelian		Southwoodian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian		Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian		Siegen					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	Late Lochkovian					410.8
				Middle Lochkovian					412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian					415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Tremadocian				477.7
															485.4