PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127308 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of China		Precambrian of Russia	Silurian of England		Silurian of North America			Permian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian																66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan																72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													Oteke	Puaroan			145
				Kimmeridgian													Oteke	Puaroan			149.2
																	Kawhia	Ohauan			150
																		Heterian			154.5
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Callovian														Temaikan			164.3
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
				Aalenian																	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
				Toarcian													Herangi	Ururoan			176
				Pliensbachian														Ururoan			184.2
				Pliensbachian														Aratauran			188.9
				Sinemurian																	192.9
				Hettangian																	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													Balfour	Otapirian			201.4
				Norian														Warepan			208.5
																		Otamitan			217
																		Oretian			221
				Carnian														Oretian			227
				Carnian													Gore	Kaihikuan			227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian														Kaihikuan			237
				Ladinian														Etalian			238
				Anisian														Etalian			242
				Anisian														Malakovian			246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian														Malakovian			247.2
				Olenekian														Nelsonian			249
				Induan														Nelsonian			251.2
				Induan													DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														Makarewan	Buntsandstein		251.902
				Changhsingian														Waiitian			253.2
				Wuchiapingian														Waiitian			254.14
				Wuchiapingian														Puruhauan			254.2
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
				Wordian											Wordian			Flettian	Leine		264.28
				Wordian											Wordian			Barettian	Leine		266
				Roadian											Roadian						266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian											Leonardian	Cathedralian					273.01
																Cathedralian		Mangapirian			276
																Hessian					281.9 *
				Artinskian																	283.5
																		Telfordian			285
															Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		Telfordian			286.1 *
																					288.5
				Sakmarian																	290.1
				Asselian												Nealian					293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian																	298.9
				Kasimovian																	303.7
				Moscovian																	307
				Bashkirian																	315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian																	323.2
Visean				330.9
Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	419.2
					Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan	421.3
					Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
			Gorstian				425.6
			Gorstian		Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas		Lockportian	427.4
			Homerian	Wych	Woolhope		Lockportian	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	433.4
			Telychian					436.3 *
			Aeronian					438.5
								Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
						Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
									440.7 *
			Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
			Katian						445.2
			Sandbian						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10						Late Cambrian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10							Niuchehean			Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian							Paibian				494
			Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Middle Cambrian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian							Drumian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan		504.5
	Delamaran		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian		506.5
	Delamaran	Series 2	Stage 4						Early Cambrian	Duyunian		Waucoban †	509
	Dyeran		Stage 4							Duyunian			511 *
	Dyeran		Stage 3							Nangaoian			514
	Montezuman												514.8 *
	Begadean												519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian			521
			Fortunian							Meishucunian			529
			Fortunian							Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian							538.8
		Cryogenian																		635
		Tonian																		720
		Tonian											Karatau							800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau							1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan				1375
																					1400