PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian										0.0042
		Greenlandian										0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian										0.129
		Chibanian								Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian								Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian								Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian								Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian								Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
										Waipipian	Villanyian	3
											Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean										3.6
		Zanclean								Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian								Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian										7.246
											Vallesian	8.7
									Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian								Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian								Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian								Lillburnian		13.82
										Clifdenian		15.1
									Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian								Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
										Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
											Agenian	20
		Aquitanian										20.44
		Aquitanian							Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Waitakian		23.03
										Duntroonian		25.2
										Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										33.9
									Arnold	Runangan		34.6
										Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian								Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian								Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian								Bortonian		41.2
									Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
										Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian								Heretaungan		47.8
										Mangaorapan		48.9
										Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian		56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian						Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan							Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian								Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
										Mangaotanean		90.5
										Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian								Arowhanan		93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
										Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Motuan		100.5
										Urutawan		103.3
									Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian								Korangan		113
		Aptian										117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
		Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian			168.2
		Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
		Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian	358.9
					Middle Famennian	365.3 *
					Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian	372.2
					Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
					Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian	382.7
					Middle Givetian	383.7 *
					Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian		410.8
			Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian				Rawtheyan		445.2
						Cautleyan		448.9 *
						Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
						Pusgillian		449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
					Cheneyan			451.5 *
					Cheneyan		Gisbornian	452 *
					Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian						453
						Actonian †		453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
						Longvillian †			455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
				Arenig	Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
							Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Chewtonian		470
					Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
							Bendigonian		471.8 *
							Lancefieldian		473.5 *
					Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
					Cressagian				480.8 *
					Cressagian		Warendian		482.8 *
							Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							485.4
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Guzhangian							Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							Branchian	509
		Stage 3							Branchian	514
		Stage 3							Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8