PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran											0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Chibanian			Castlecliffian											0.34
				Calabrian			Castlecliffian											0.774
				Calabrian			Nukumaruan											1.63
				Gelasian			Nukumaruan											1.8
				Gelasian			Mangapanian											2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian	Tertiary †										2.58
				Piacenzian			Waipipian											3
				Zanclean			Waipipian											3.6
				Zanclean			Opoitian											3.7
			Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
				Messinian			Tongaporutuan											7.2
				Tortonian			Tongaporutuan											7.246
				Tortonian		Southland	Waiauan											11.04
				Serravallian			Waiauan											11.63
				Serravallian			Lillburnian											13.05
				Langhian			Lillburnian											13.82
							Clifdenian											15.1
						Pareora	Altonian											15.9
				Burdigalian			Altonian											15.98
				Burdigalian			Otaian											18.7
				Aquitanian			Otaian											20.44
				Aquitanian		Landon	Waitakian											21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Waitakian											23.03
							Duntroonian											25.2
							Whaingaroan											27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
						Arnold	Runangan											34.6
							Kaiatan											36.7
				Bartonian			Kaiatan											37.71
				Bartonian			Bortonian											39.1
				Lutetian			Bortonian											41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
							Heretaungan											45.7
				Ypresian			Heretaungan											47.8
							Mangaorapan											48.9
							Waipawan											52
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian											56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian											66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian											72.1
				Santonian			Piripauan											83.6
				Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan											86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
							Mangaotanean											90.5
							Arowhanan											93.7
				Cenomanian			Arowhanan											93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian											95.2
							Motuan											99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan											100.5
							Urutawan											103.3
						Taitai	Korangan											108.4
				Aptian			Korangan											113
				Aptian														117.5
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian						Wordian	264.28
			Roadian						Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian							Nealian	Bursumian †	293.52
			Asselian							Nealian	Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								Virgilian	Kuzel	298.9
												Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
													Stephanian B	300.9 *
													Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian								Missourian		Stephanian A	303.7
											Missourian		Cantabrian	305 *
											Desmoinesian			305.9 *
			Moscovian											307
												Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
													Westphalian C	309.8
											Atokan		Westphalian C	312.7 *
													Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian										Westphalian B	315.2
													Westphalian A	317 *
								Morrowan			318.4 *		Westphalian A
											Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian							320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian							321.5 *
					Alportian							322 *
					Chokierian							323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian			Chesterian				323.2
					Arnsbergian							324 *
					Pendleian							327.4 *
			Visean		Warnantian						Brigantian †	330.9
					Warnantian			Meramecian			Brigantian †	335.8 *
					Livian						Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian						Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
					Moliniacian			Osagean			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
			Tournaisian		Ivorian			Osagean				346.7
					Ivorian		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
					Hastarian		Kinderhookian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian	Siegen				407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
		Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Bolindian				Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian					Bolindian					Pirgu	445.2
								Eastonian					Pirgu	449 *
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
Gisbornian								Oandu					452 *
			Sandbian					Keila					Idavere †	453
						Haljala		453.9
						Kukruse		456.4 *
						Uhaku		Aluoja †					457.5 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Darriwilian			Uhaku							458.4
						Lasnamagi							458.9 *
						Aseri							460.4 *
						Oeland						Kunda	462.9 *
								Valaste †/Hunderum				Kunda	464.3 *
												Volkhov	Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Yapeenian											467.3
			Castlemainian						468.5 *
			Castlemainian						Billingen	469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Chewtonian							470
			Chewtonian					Latorp †				470.1 *
			Bendigonian									471.8 *
			Lancefieldian									473.5 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
			Warendian									482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
	Series 2	Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian					1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian					1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan					1375
																		1400