PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan		Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian							0.129
		Chibanian			Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian			Castlecliffian				0.774
		Calabrian			Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian			Nukumaruan	MN 17			1.8
		Gelasian			Mangapanian	MN 17			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Mangapanian	MN 16			2.58
					Waipipian	MN 16			3
						MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean							3.6
					Opoitian				3.7
						MN 14			4.2
						MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian			Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian				MN 12			7.246
						MN 11			7.75
						MN 10			8.7
						MN 9			9.7
				Southland	Waiauan	MN 9			11.04
						MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian				MN 7 + 8			11.63
						MN 6			12.8 *
					Lillburnian	MN 6			13.05
		Langhian			Lillburnian	MN 5			13.82
					Clifdenian				15.1
				Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian				MN 4			15.98
						MN 3			16.9
					Otaian	MN 3			18.7
						MN 2			20
		Aquitanian							20.44
				Landon	Waitakian				21.7
						MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							23.03
					Duntroonian				25.2
					Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							33.9
				Arnold	Runangan				34.6
					Kaiatan				36.7
		Bartonian			Kaiatan				37.71
		Bartonian			Bortonian				39.1
		Lutetian			Bortonian				41.2
				Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
					Heretaungan				45.7
		Ypresian			Heretaungan				47.8
					Mangaorapan				48.9
					Waipawan				52
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Teurian				56
		Selandian							59.2
		Danian							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian	Mata	Haumurian				66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan		Haumurian				72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan				83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan				86.1
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
					Mangaotanean				90.5
					Arowhanan				93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan		93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
					Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan		100.5
					Urutawan		103.3
				Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian			Korangan		113
		Aptian					117.5
		Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian				Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian				Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian				Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean				Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian					445.2
		Sandbian					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian		489.5			Sunwaptan
		Jiangshanian		Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian		Steptoean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Marjumian	Albertian †		497
		Drumian		Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4		Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3		Dyeran			514
				Montezuman			514.8 *
				Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
									538.8