PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America	Carboniferous of North America	Devonian of Germany
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian													Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Gashatan					56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian																66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan																72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																	259.51
		Wordian																	264.28
		Roadian																	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																	273.01
		Artinskian																	283.5
		Sakmarian																	290.1
		Asselian															Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Late Pennsylvanian													Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian															Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian															Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian													Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian													Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian													Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian													Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Late Mississippian													Chesterian		323.2
		Visean		Middle Mississippian													Chesterian		330.9
																	Meramecian		335.8 *
																	Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian													Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian		Early Mississippian													Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian																Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian																Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian																Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli				Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian			Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	430.5		Jaagarahu
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian	Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Pirgu	445.2
							Vormsi	449.6 *
							Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
					Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian					Keila	Idavere †	453
							Haljala		453.9
							Kukruse		456.4 *
							Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku		458.4
							Lasnamagi		458.9 *
							Aseri		460.4 *
					Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
							Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
							Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
							Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian					Hunneberg			477.7
							Varangu			481.3 *
							Pakerort			482.2 *
										Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Jiangshanian				489.5
								Aksaian								490.7 *
								Sakian								492.2 *
															Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Paibian				494
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian					494.7 *
											Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian				499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian				Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan						Amgan/Solvan				Wuliuan/Taijangian		Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Wuliuan/Taijangian		Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Duyunian			Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian				Lenian †		510 *
				Toyonian						Dyeran				511 *
				Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3										Nangaoian		514
										Montezuman				514.8 *
				Atdabanian						Montezuman				515.6 *
				Atdabanian						Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian		Meishucunian						521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian						Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian		Manykaian †				530.7
																			538.8