PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of China	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America					Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian												Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Calabrian												Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Gelasian												Early Pleistocene	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Late Pliocene	2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												Early Pliocene	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian												Late Miocene	7.246
				Serravallian												Middle Miocene	11.63
				Langhian												Middle Miocene	13.82
				Burdigalian												Early Miocene	15.98
				Aquitanian												Early Miocene	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Late Oligocene	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian												Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian												Late Eocene	33.9
				Bartonian												Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian												Middle Eocene	41.2
				Ypresian												Early Eocene	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian												Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian												Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian												66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan												72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian									247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan				Vokhmian									251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian								251.902
				Changhsingian					Baoqingian								253.4 *
				Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laoshanian								254.14
				Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Laibinian								257.7 *
			Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Lengwuan								259.51
				Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Kuhfengian								264.28
				Roadian				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Kuhfengian								266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian								273.01
				Artinskian					Luodianian								283.5
				Artinskian					Longlinian								285.4 *
Sakmarian				290.1					Longlinian
Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian		298.9
			Gzhelian			300.1
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
			Katian		445.2		Gamachian
					Richmondian		446 *
					Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
					Edenian				450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
			Sandbian			Chatfieldian			453
						Turinian			453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dapingian							467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian				469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean					473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean					477.7
						Stairsian					480.3 *
						Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian					485.4
			Stage 10								487.5
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian						Burzyan						1375
		Calymmian												1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian												1600
		Orosirian												1800
		Rhyacian												2050
		Siderian												2300
Archean	Neoarchean			2500
	Mesoarchean			2800
	Paleoarchean			3200
	Eoarchean			3600
Hadean				4000
																	4600