PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128235 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of China		Ordovician of North America			Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene											Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene											Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian													Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian						MN 17							Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian						MN 17							Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene	Tertiary †			MN 16							Mangapanian		2.58
								MN 16							Waipipian		3
								MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene													3.6
															Opoitian		3.7
								MN 14									4.2
								MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene										Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian						MN 12								Pannonian	7.246
								MN 11									7.75
								MN 10									8.7
								MN 9									9.7
								MN 9						Southland	Waiauan		11.04
								MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene				MN 7 + 8								Sarmatian	11.63
								MN 6								Badenian	12.8 *
								MN 6							Lillburnian	Badenian	13.05
		Langhian						MN 5							Lillburnian		13.82
															Clifdenian		15.1
														Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene				MN 4									15.98
								MN 3									16.9
								MN 3							Otaian		18.7
								MN 2									20
		Aquitanian															20.44
														Landon	Waitakian		21.7
								MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene													23.03
															Duntroonian		25.2
															Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene													33.9
														Arnold	Runangan		34.6
															Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene											Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian													Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian													Bortonian		41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
															Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian		Early Eocene											Heretaungan		47.8
															Mangaorapan		48.9
															Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene											Teurian		56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian											Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan												Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian													Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian												Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
															Mangaotanean		90.5
															Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian				93.9									Arowhanan
						Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
							Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan		100.5
							Urutawan		103.3
						Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian					Korangan		113
		Aptian							117.5
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							168.2
		Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							174.7
		Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							201.4
		Norian							208.5
		Carnian							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
		Visean						330.9
		Tournaisian						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †			Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian	Chientangkiangian							Gamachian	445.2
			Chientangkiangian							Richmondian	446 *
			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5			Richmondian
							Maysvillian			Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian				450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian			453
						Turinian		453.7 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo							458.4
		Darriwilian	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo						466.3 *
		Dapingian	Dapingian								467.3
		Dapingian	Dapingian				Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Yiyangian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian	Yiyangian				Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Xinchangian									477.7
					Lianghekou †							477.9 *
							Stairsian					480.3 *
							Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian					485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †				504.5
																	509