PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cambrian of China		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Cambrian of Siberia	Mammal Paleogene Zones
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran											0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene		Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene		Castlecliffian											0.774
		Calabrian				Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Mangapanian											2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Waipipian											3
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene		Waipipian											3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene		Opoitian											3.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene	Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian				Tongaporutuan											7.246
		Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene		Waiauan											11.63
		Serravallian				Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian											13.82
						Clifdenian											15.1
					Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene		Altonian											15.98
		Burdigalian				Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene		Waitakian									MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25	23.03
						Duntroonian											25.2
						Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene											MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene											MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan											34.6
						Kaiatan											36.7
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene		Kaiatan									MP 16		37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian									MP 16		39.1
		Lutetian				Bortonian									MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11		41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
						Heretaungan											45.7
		Ypresian		Early Eocene		Heretaungan									MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7		47.8
						Mangaorapan											48.9
						Waipawan											52
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene		Teurian									MP 6	MP 1 - 5	56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian		Mata	Haumurian											66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan			Haumurian											72.1
		Santonian				Piripauan											83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan											86.1
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
						Mangaotanean											90.5
						Arowhanan											93.7
		Cenomanian				Arowhanan											93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian											95.2
						Motuan											99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan											100.5
						Urutawan											103.3
					Taitai	Korangan											108.4
		Aptian				Korangan											113
		Aptian															117.5
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian					139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					145
		Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian					208.5
		Carnian					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian						307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian					Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean					Shangsian	330.9
		Visean					Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †				445.2
		Katian	Berounian					449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
						Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
				Liben †					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							458.4
			Dobrotivian						458.5 *
			Oretanian						459.7 *
				Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Arenigian					470
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian					Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadocian					Ungurian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean					Taoyuanian †		Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian	Batyrbaian			489.5
										Aksaian	Aksaian			490.7 *
										Sakian	Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian	Paibian											494
													Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
								Waergangian †/Youshuanian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian					Wangcunian †		Ayusokkanian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian	Guzhangian								Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	Drumian							Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian	Drumian							Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian							Tuesaian	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian											509
										Toyonian	Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
										Botomian	Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Nangaoian							Botomian	Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Nangaoian							Atdabanian	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian							Tommotian	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2									Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †		529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian									Manykaian †		530.7
																	538.8