PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene							0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene							0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene							0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene				MN 17			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene				MN 16			2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene				MN 15			3.2
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene				MN 15			3.6
								MN 14			4.2
								MN 13			4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene				MN 13			5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12			7.246
								MN 11			7.75
								MN 10			8.7
								MN 9			9.7
								MN 7 + 8			11.1
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene				MN 7 + 8			11.63
		Serravallian						MN 6			12.8 *
		Langhian						MN 5			13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene				MN 4			15.98
								MN 3			16.9
								MN 2			20
		Aquitanian						MN 2			20.44
		Aquitanian						MN 1			22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian		Early Oligocene							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene							33.9
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene							37.71
		Lutetian		Middle Eocene							41.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene							56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene							59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene							61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian								66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian				Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian				Bursumian †	Kuzel		297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Virgilian	Kuzel		298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
						Missourian			Cantabrian	305 *
						Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian								307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
						Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian							Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
						Morrowan			Westphalian A	318.4 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chesterian		Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean					Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Meramecian		335.8 *	Warnantian	Brigantian †
						Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
			Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Moliniacian	Osagean		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian	Osagean			346.7
			Ivorian	Kinderhookian			351.9 *
			Hastarian	Kinderhookian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3			514			Dyeran
					Montezuman			514.8 *
					Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
											538.8