PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene									Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene								Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene								Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene										2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene										3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene								Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian		Middle Miocene								Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene										15.98
												Hemingfordian		16.3
												Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian		Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
		Rupelian		Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan						27.82
												Whitneyan		29.5
												Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian		Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian		Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian				Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian		Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan				Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian										Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian		Early Eocene					Bumbanian			Bridgerian		47.8
												Wasatchian		50.5
												Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian		Late Paleocene				Gashatan				Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian		Late Paleocene				Gashatan				Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene								Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian		Early Paleocene								Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian											66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
					Planulata	179.3 *
					Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
					Kanense		181.3 *
					Carlottense		182.3 *
					Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian			Kunae		184.2
					Freboldi		185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras			186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras			189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis			190.3 *
		Sinemurian								192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras				196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								201.4
		Norian								208.5
		Carnian								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
		Kasimovian								303.7
		Moscovian								307
		Bashkirian								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian								323.2
		Visean								330.9
		Tournaisian								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare				419.2
	Pridoli		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian	Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian	Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill	Hirnantian					443.8
		Katian		Rawtheyan					445.2
				Cautleyan					448.9 *
				Pusgillian					449.3 *
			Caradoc	Streffordian					Onnian †	449.6 *
				Cheneyan						451.5 *
				Burrellian						452.7 *
		Sandbian								453
									Actonian †	453.2 *
									Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †		455.2 *
				Aurelucian					Longvillian †		456.8 *
				Aurelucian					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian							468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian			470
				Whitlandian			471.1 *
				Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Cressagian	480.8 *
														485 *