PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of North America		European Faunal Units	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Villanyian			2.58
		Piacenzian							Ruscinian			3.1 *
		Zanclean							Ruscinian			3.6
	Miocene	Messinian							Turolian			5.333
		Tortonian							Turolian			7.246
		Tortonian							Vallesian			8.7
		Serravallian							Astaracian			11.63
		Langhian							Astaracian			13.82
		Burdigalian							Orleanian			15.98
		Burdigalian							Agenian			20
		Aquitanian							Agenian			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian										41.2
		Ypresian									Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Gashatan		56
		Selandian										59.2
		Danian										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian									66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
		Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian										201.4
		Norian										208.5
		Carnian										227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian										237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian										242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian										247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan										251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian										251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian										254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Leonardian	Cathedralian				273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian				281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian				283.5
		Artinskian					Wolfcampian	Lenoxian				286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian				290.1
		Asselian						Nealian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										298.9
		Kasimovian										303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian		445.2
		Sandbian		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian			489.5
			Aksaian			490.7 *
			Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian				494
		Paibian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian			497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan			509
			Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian			514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian			515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian			521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
												538.8