PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of North America						Cenozoic Subepochs	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian								Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian								Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean								Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian								Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian								Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian								Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian								Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian								Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian								Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian								Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian								Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian								Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian								Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian											66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan											72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian												266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian												283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian												298.9
		Gzhelian									Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian									Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian									Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
				Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian		Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean		Shangsian	330.9
		Visean		Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian		Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien	Siegen	408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian	Jaagarahu				429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian	Jaagarahu				430.5
		Sheinwoodian	Jaani				431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Jaani				433.4
		Telychian	Adavere				434 *
		Aeronian	Adavere				438.5
		Aeronian	Raikkula				439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula				440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru				441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian				Gamachian		443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		445.2
							Richmondian		446 *
							Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
			Mohawkian				Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian					Chatfieldian			453
							Turinian			453.7 *
			Whiterockian						Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Dapingian									467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ibexian				Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian					Tulean					477.7
							Stairsian					480.3 *
							Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Skullrockian					485.4
		Stage 10										487.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
		Guzhangian										Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Branchian	509
		Stage 3										Branchian	514
		Stage 3										Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8