PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ordovician of China			South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian					0.0117
				Chibanian					Lujanian					0.129
				Chibanian					Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Calabrian					Ensenadan					0.774
				Calabrian					Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
				Gelasian					Sanandresian					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean					2.58
				Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Zanclean					Chapadmalalan					3.6
									Montehermosan					3.7 *
									Huayquerian					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
									Chasicoan					7.9 *
									Mayoan					9.9 *
									Laventan					10.9 *
				Serravallian					Laventan					11.63
				Serravallian					Colloncuran					13.7 *
				Langhian					Colloncuran					13.82
				Langhian					Friasian					15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Friasian					15.98
									Santacrucian					16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
				Aquitanian					Colhuehuapian					20.44
				Aquitanian					Deseadan					20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
				Rupelian					Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian					Tinguirirican					33.9
				Priabonian					Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Lutetian					Mustersan					41.9 *
				Ypresian					Mustersan					47.8
				Ypresian					Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Riochican					56
									Itaboraian					56.9 *
									Peligran					58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
				Danian					Tiupampan					62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian									66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
				Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian										168.2
				Aalenian										170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
				Pliensbachian										184.2
				Sinemurian										192.9
				Hettangian										199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Bursumian †		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian		298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian	Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian		323.2
			Visean	Chesterian		330.9
				Meramecian		335.8 *
				Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean			Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan			Cazenovian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian			Cazenovian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian			Helderbergian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian					Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Hirnantian				Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian		Chientangkiangian					Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						449.5
			Sandbian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian		Darriwilian				Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian		Dapingian						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Yiyangian						470
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian						477.7
			Tremadocian		Xinchangian					Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
			Drumian								500.5
			Wuliuan								504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4								509
		Series 2	Stage 3								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian										Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau	1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan	1375
														1400