PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Silurian of the Baltic	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Silurian of England		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian											0.129
				Chibanian				Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian				Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian				Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian				Waipipian							3
				Zanclean				Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean				Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian				Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian				Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian				Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian							13.82
								Clifdenian							15.1
							Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian				Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian				Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian				Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
								Duntroonian							25.2
								Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian								Kekeamuan			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
							Arnold	Runangan							34.6
								Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian				Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bartonian				Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian				Bortonian							41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
								Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian				Heretaungan					Bumbanian		47.8
								Mangaorapan							48.9
								Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Teurian				Gashatan			56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian		Mata	Haumurian						Senonian	66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan			Haumurian							72.1
				Santonian				Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
								Mangaotanean							90.5
								Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian				Arowhanan							93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
								Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Motuan						Gallic	100.5
								Urutawan							103.3
							Taitai	Korangan							108.4
				Aptian				Korangan							113
				Aptian											117.5
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian										Neocomian	125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
			Kimmeridgian				149.2
			Oxfordian				154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
			Bathonian				165.3
			Bajocian				168.2
			Aalenian				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
			Pliensbachian				184.2
			Sinemurian				192.9
			Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
			Norian				208.5
			Carnian				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
			Induan				251.2
			Induan				Kathwai		251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai		251.902
									252.4 *
							Chhidru		252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian				Chhidru		254.14
							Kalabagh		255 *
							Wargal		256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
									265.3 *
							Amb		266.1 *
			Roadian				Amb		266.9
			Roadian						270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Ohesaare				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
					Ohesaare					Bringewood/Elton	421.3
					Kaugetuma					Bringewood/Elton	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare				Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Ludfordian		Paadla					Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423.4 *
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula					Buildwas	427.4
					Rootsikula				Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
					Jaagarahu						429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
			Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian		Jaani			433.4
					Adavere			434 *
										436.3 *
			Aeronian	438.5
				Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
					Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian		Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian		Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Bolindian				443.8
			Katian		Bolindian				445.2
					Eastonian				449 *
					Gisbornian				452 *
			Sandbian		Gisbornian				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Darriwilian				458.4
			Dapingian		Yapeenian				467.3
			Dapingian		Castlemainian				468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Chewtonian				470
					Bendigonian				471.8 *
					Lancefieldian				473.5 *
			Tremadocian		Lancefieldian				477.7
			Tremadocian		Warendian				482.8 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
Jiangshanian			489.5
Paibian			494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	509
Series 2		Stage 3	514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
															635