PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean									0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean									0.0004
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean					Late Pleistocene				0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean					Middle Pleistocene				0.129
				Chibanian				Irvingtonian					Middle Pleistocene				0.21
				Calabrian				Irvingtonian					Early Pleistocene				0.774
				Calabrian				Blancan									1.4
				Gelasian													1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene				2.58
				Zanclean									Early Pliocene				3.6
				Zanclean				Hemphillian					Early Pliocene				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene				5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Tortonian				Clarendonian									9.4
				Serravallian				Clarendonian					Middle Miocene				11.63
				Serravallian				Barstovian									12.5
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian									Early Miocene				15.98
								Hemingfordian									16.3
								Arikareean									18.5
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene				23.03
				Rupelian							Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene				27.82
								Whitneyan									29.5
								Orellan									31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene				33.9
				Priabonian				Duchesnean			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene				37
				Bartonian				Duchesnean			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene				37.71
				Bartonian				Uintan									39.7
				Lutetian				Uintan									41.2
				Lutetian				Bridgerian									46.2
				Ypresian				Bridgerian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene				47.8
								Wasatchian									50.5
								Clarkforkian									54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian			Gashatan		Late Paleocene				56
				Thanetian				Tiffanian			Gashatan		Late Paleocene				56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian					Middle Paleocene				59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian					Middle Paleocene				60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian					Early Paleocene				61.6
				Danian				Puercan					Early Paleocene				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian												66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan												72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Mapingian †		298.9
			Kasimovian	Mapingian †		303.7
			Kasimovian			305.9
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Southwoodian	Cazenovian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian		393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian						Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian					Pirgu			445.2
								Vormsi			449.6 *
					Nabala			Johvi †			450 *
					Viru					Rakvere	450.6 *
										Oandu	452 *
			Sandbian					Keila		Idavere †	453
								Haljala			453.9
								Kukruse			456.4 *
								Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Uhaku			458.4
								Lasnamagi			458.9 *
								Aseri			460.4 *
					Oeland			Kunda			462.9 *
								Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian					Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian					Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg				473.7 *
			Tremadocian					Hunneberg				477.7
								Varangu				481.3 *
								Pakerort				482.2 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
			Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian		489.5
			Paibian									Paibian		494
			Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
Drumian			Drumian									500.5	Wangcunian †
Wuliuan			Wuliuan/Taijangian										504.5
Series 2		Stage 4	Duyunian										509
Series 2		Stage 3	Nangaoian										514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Meishucunian										521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian										529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian										530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																	635