PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean							0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean							0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian							0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian							0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan							1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian							4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian							9.4
		Serravallian				Clarendonian							11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian							12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
						Hemingfordian							16.3
						Arikareean							18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
						Whitneyan							29.5
						Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Chadronian							33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean							37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan							41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian							47.8
						Wasatchian							50.5
						Clarkforkian							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Clarkforkian							56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian				Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian						Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian						Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Late Albian					100.5
								Middle Albian					106.2 *
								Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian						Late Aptian					113
		Aptian						Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian						Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian						Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian						Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian					139.8
								Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
								Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian						Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian						Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
				Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian		Sevatian			208.5
				Alaunian			213.2 *
				Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian		Tuvalian			227
		Carnian		Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Longobardian			237
		Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian			242
				Pelsonian			243.8 *
				Bithynian			244.7 *
				Aegean			245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		Vokhmian			Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
		Induan					Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian				259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian				264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
		Asselian						Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
										Xiaodushanian	300 *
								Stephanian			Stephanian C	300.3 *
											Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A					301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A					303.7
			Cantabrian			305 *
						Dalaun				305.8 *
		Moscovian							Middle Pennsylvanian	307
			Westphalian					Westphalian D		307.4 *
								Westphalian C		309.8
								Westphalian B		314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
								Westphalian A		317 *
						Huashibanian		Westphalian A		318.5 *
			Namurian					Yeadonian		318.8 *
								Marsdenian		320.2 *
						Lousuan		Marsdenian		321.2 *
								Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
								Alportian		322 *
								Chokierian		323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Dewunian		Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
								Arnsbergian		324 *
								Pendleian		327.4 *
						Shangsian		Pendleian		330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian			Shangsian		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Jiusian		Warnantian	Brigantian †	335 *
					Livian			Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian			Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Early Mississippian	Ivorian			346.7
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan		Early Mississippian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan							Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian							Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian							Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli										Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian									Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian									Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian									Jaani	433.4
		Telychian									Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian									Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian									Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru	441.4 *
													443.8