PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Ordovician of Britain				Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan											Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian												Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Villanyian		Mangapanian		2.58
												Villanyian		Waipipian		3
												Ruscinian				3.1 *
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian										Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian														7.246
												Vallesian				8.7
												Vallesian	Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian										Astaracian		Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian										Orleanian		Altonian		15.98
												Orleanian		Otaian		18.7
												Agenian				20
		Aquitanian														20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Waitakian		23.03
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian												Bortonian		41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian												Heretaungan		47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
														Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Teurian		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian										Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan											Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian												Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
														Mangaotanean		90.5
														Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian												Arowhanan		93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
														Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Motuan		100.5
														Urutawan		103.3
													Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian												Korangan		113
		Aptian														117.5
		Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian		Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
				Kawhia	Ohauan		150
					Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Callovian			Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian					168.2
		Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
		Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian			Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian			Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian			Warepan		208.5
					Otamitan		217
					Oretian		221
		Carnian			Oretian		227
		Carnian		Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian			Etalian		238
		Anisian			Etalian		242
		Anisian			Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian			Nelsonian		249
		Induan			Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan		251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Makarewan		Dorashamian	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian		Dorashamian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Dzhulfian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		Dzhulfian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		Midian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian			264.28
					Barettian			266
							Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian	273.01
					Mangapirian		Kubergandian	276
							Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian						283.5
					Telfordian			285
					Telfordian		Yakhtashian	286
							Yakhtashian	288.5
		Sakmarian	Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian					Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian				Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian				Jaani		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian				Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian				Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian				Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Ashgill		Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan		Pirgu	445.2
								Cautleyan			448.9 *
								Pusgillian			449.3 *
						Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
								Cheneyan			Rakvere		451.5 *
								Cheneyan			Oandu		452 *
								Burrellian			Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian									Keila	Idavere †	453
										Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
										Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
										Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †				455.2 *
											Kukruse			456.4 *
								Aurelucian						456.8 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
										Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			Uhaku			458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
								Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			Aseri			461.3 *
									Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian													467.3
						Arenig		Fennian							468.4 *
											Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
												Latorp †			470.1 *
								Whitlandian							471.1 *
				Hunneberg	473.7 *			Whitlandian
					Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
			Cressagian			480.8 *
				Varangu		481.3 *
				Pakerort		482.2 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Late Cambrian					485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3									514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
																538.8