PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Permian of the Pamirs	Cambrian of West Avalonia	European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of China		Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian			Early Pleistocene							MN 17					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene							MN 16					2.58
		Piacenzian			Late Pliocene							MN 15					3.2
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene							MN 15					3.6
												MN 14					4.2
												MN 13					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene							MN 13					5.333
		Tortonian										MN 12					7.246
												MN 11					7.75
												MN 10					8.7
												MN 9					9.7
												MN 7 + 8					11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene							MN 7 + 8					11.63
		Serravallian										MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian										MN 5					13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene							MN 4					15.98
												MN 3					16.9
												MN 2					20
		Aquitanian										MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian										MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian			Early Oligocene												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene												33.9
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene												37.71
		Lutetian			Middle Eocene												41.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene												56
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian			Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian														66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan														72.1
		Santonian															83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian															93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
		Aptian															113
		Barremian															121.4
		Hauterivian															125.77
		Valanginian															132.6
		Berriasian															139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
		Kimmeridgian															149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian															165.3
		Bajocian															168.2
		Aalenian															170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
		Pliensbachian															184.2
		Sinemurian															192.9
		Hettangian															199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian															208.5
		Carnian															227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian															237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian															242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian															247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan															251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian								Dorashamian					Meishanian		251.902
		Changhsingian								Dorashamian					Baoqingian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Midian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian			266.2 *
		Roadian		Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kubergandian		Luodianian	273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
						Longlinian	285.4 *
				Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Zisongian	298.9
		Gzhelian					300.1
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
		Pragian					Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Harju		Porkuni			Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian			Pirgu				Gamachian	445.2
					Pirgu				Richmondian	446 *
					Vormsi				Richmondian	449.6 *
					Vormsi				Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
					Nabala				Maysvillian		Johvi †	450 *
					Nabala				Edenian			450.4 *
			Viru		Rakvere				Edenian			450.6 *
					Rakvere			Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
					Oandu							452 *
		Sandbian			Keila						Idavere †	453
					Keila				Turinian			453.7 *
					Haljala							453.9
					Kukruse							456.4 *
					Kukruse			Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
					Uhaku						Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Uhaku								458.4
					Lasnamagi								458.9 *
					Aseri								460.4 *
			Oeland		Kunda								462.9 *
					Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
					Volkhov								Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian												467.3
									Rangerian					469.1 *
					Billingen				Rangerian					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
											Latorp †				470.1 *
					Hunneberg										473.7 *
									Tulean						473.9 *
		Tremadocian							Tulean						477.7
									Stairsian						480.3 *
					Varangu				Stairsian						481.3 *
					Varangu				Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
					Pakerort									Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Pakerort						Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †				485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
																487.5
		Jiangshanian									Jiangshanian					489.5
		Paibian									Paibian					494
		Paibian									Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian		Guzhangian							Wangcunian †	497
		Guzhangian		Guzhangian		Arcadian						498.4
		Drumian		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian		Duyunian						509
		Stage 3		Branchian		Nangaoian						514
		Stage 3		Placentian		Nangaoian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian						521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian						529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian						530.7
																	538.8