PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of Siberia		Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian						0.0117
				Chibanian			Lujanian						0.129
				Chibanian			Ensenadan						0.3 *
				Calabrian			Ensenadan						0.774
				Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
				Gelasian			Sanandresian						1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean						2.58
				Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
				Zanclean			Chapadmalalan						3.6
							Montehermosan						3.7 *
							Huayquerian						4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
							Chasicoan						7.9 *
							Mayoan						9.9 *
							Laventan						10.9 *
				Serravallian			Laventan						11.63
				Serravallian			Colloncuran						13.7 *
				Langhian			Colloncuran						13.82
				Langhian			Friasian						15.4 *
				Burdigalian			Friasian						15.98
							Santacrucian						16.2 *
							Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
				Aquitanian			Colhuehuapian						20.44
				Aquitanian			Deseadan						20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
				Rupelian			Tinguirirican						28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican						33.9
				Priabonian			Divisaderan						35.9 *
				Bartonian									37.71
				Lutetian									41.2
				Lutetian			Mustersan						41.9 *
				Ypresian			Mustersan						47.8
				Ypresian			Casamayoran						47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican						56
							Itaboraian						56.9 *
							Peligran						58.9 *
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
				Danian			Tiupampan						62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian									83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
				Aptian									113
				Barremian									121.4
				Hauterivian									125.77
				Valanginian									132.6
				Berriasian									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
				Kimmeridgian									149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian									165.3
				Bajocian									168.2
				Aalenian									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
				Pliensbachian									184.2
				Sinemurian									192.9
				Hettangian									199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Melekhovian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Wordian	Noginskian		264.9 *
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Kungurian	Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
			Artinskian	Pavlovoposadian		283.5
			Artinskian	Rusavkinian		287.6 *
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Gzhelian			Xiaodushanian		300 *
			Kasimovian	Dorogomilovian				303.7
				Khamovnikian				304.8
				Dalaun		Krevyakinian		305.8 *
			Moscovian			Myachkovian		307
						Podolskian		308.9 *
						Kashirian		311.4 *
						Vereian		313.8
						Melekessian		314.8
			Bashkirian			Melekessian		315.2
						Cheremshanian		316.9 *
				Huashibanian		Cheremshanian		318.5 *
						Prikamian		318.6 *
						Severokeltmian		319.9 *
				Lousuan		Krasnopolyanian		321.2 *
				Lousuan		Voznesenian		321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian		Zapaltjubian		323.2
						Protvian		324.4 *
						Steshevian		326.8 *
						Tarusian		329 *
				Shangsian		Tarusian		330.8 *
			Visean			Venevian	330.9
						Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
				Jiusian	Aleksinian	335 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
					Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
			Pragian			Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian				Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian					430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
			Aeronian					438.5
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
		Tremadocian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Mansian †					483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian					Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian							489.5
			Aksaian							490.7 *
			Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian								494
		Paibian							Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan							509
			Toyonian					Lenian †		510 *
			Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian							514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian							521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
													1400