PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128235 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	European Faunal Units	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of the Pamirs	Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Wanganui	Haweran					0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian					Castlecliffian				Middle Pleistocene	0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian				Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian					Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian		Mangapanian				Late Pliocene	2.58
							Villanyian		Waipipian					3
							Ruscinian							3.1 *
				Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean					Opoitian				Early Pliocene	3.7
			Miocene	Messinian			Turolian	Taranaki	Kapitean				Late Miocene	5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian										7.246
							Vallesian							8.7
							Vallesian	Southland	Waiauan					11.04
				Serravallian			Astaracian		Waiauan				Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian					Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian					13.82
									Clifdenian					15.1
								Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian			Orleanian		Altonian				Early Miocene	15.98
							Orleanian		Otaian					18.7
							Agenian							20
				Aquitanian										20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian					21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Waitakian	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		Late Oligocene	23.03
									Duntroonian					25.2
									Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian						Kekeamuan			Early Oligocene	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			Late Eocene	33.9
								Arnold	Runangan					34.6
									Kaiatan					36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian					39.1
				Lutetian					Bortonian					41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
									Heretaungan					45.7
				Ypresian					Heretaungan		Bumbanian		Early Eocene	47.8
									Mangaorapan					48.9
									Waipawan					52
			Paleocene	Thanetian					Teurian	Gashatan			Late Paleocene	56
				Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian			Mata	Haumurian					66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan				Haumurian					72.1
				Santonian					Piripauan					83.6
				Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
									Mangaotanean					90.5
									Arowhanan					93.7
				Cenomanian					Arowhanan					93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
									Motuan					99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Motuan					100.5
									Urutawan					103.3
								Taitai	Korangan					108.4
				Aptian					Korangan					113
				Aptian										117.5
Barremian				121.4
Hauterivian				125.77
Valanginian				132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Melekhovian		Dorashamian				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian				259.51
			Wordian									264.28
						Noginskian						264.9 *
								Murgabian				266.2 *
			Roadian					Murgabian				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian				273.01
						Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *	Kubergandian
							Bolorian	279.8
			Artinskian				Bolorian	283.5
							Yakhtashian	286
						Rusavkinian	Yakhtashian	287.6 *
			Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian				Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian			Dorogomilovian		303.7
						Khamovnikian		304.8
						Krevyakinian		305.8 *
			Moscovian			Myachkovian		307
						Podolskian		308.9 *
						Kashirian		311.4 *
						Vereian		313.8
						Melekessian		314.8
			Bashkirian			Melekessian		315.2
						Cheremshanian		316.9 *
						Prikamian		318.6 *
						Severokeltmian		319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian	321.2 *
					Voznesenian	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Zapaltjubian	323.2
					Protvian	324.4 *
					Steshevian	326.8 *
					Tarusian	329 *
			Visean		Venevian	330.9
					Mikhailovian	331.9 *
					Aleksinian	333.7 *
					Tulian	335.8 *
					Bobrikian	339.9 *
					Radaevkian	343.4 *
			Tournaisian		Kosvian	346.7
					Kizelian	350.7 *
					Cherepetian	351.9 *
					Karakubian	354.4 *
					Upinian	356.3 *
					Malevkian	357.6 *
				Gumerovian	358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
			Katian			Gamachian		445.2
Richmondian						446 *
Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
Edenian								450.4 *
Mohawkian					Chatfieldian			451.1 *
			Sandbian		Chatfieldian			453
					Turinian			453.7 *
Whiterockian						Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
			Dapingian						467.3
			Dapingian		Rangerian				469.1 *
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ibexian		Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian			Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian			Tulean					477.7
					Stairsian					480.3 *
					Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian				485.4
		Stage 10							487.5
		Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4							509
	Series 2	Stage 3							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
														1400