PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian Subages of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of North America		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian			Lujanian						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian			Ensenadan						Middle Pleistocene	0.3 *
				Calabrian			Ensenadan						Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian			Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
				Gelasian			Sanandresian		MN 17					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean		MN 16				Late Pliocene	2.58
							Chapadmalalan		MN 16					2.9 *
									MN 15					3.2
				Zanclean									Early Pliocene	3.6
							Montehermosan							3.7 *
							Montehermosan		MN 14					4.2
							Huayquerian		MN 13					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian					MN 13				Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian					MN 12					7.246
									MN 11					7.75
							Chasicoan		MN 11					7.9 *
									MN 10					8.7
									MN 9					9.7
							Mayoan							9.9 *
							Laventan							10.9 *
									MN 7 + 8					11.1
				Serravallian					MN 7 + 8				Middle Miocene	11.63
									MN 6					12.8 *
							Colloncuran		MN 6					13.7 *
				Langhian			Colloncuran		MN 5					13.82
				Langhian			Friasian		MN 5					15.4 *
				Burdigalian			Friasian		MN 4				Early Miocene	15.98
							Santacrucian		MN 4					16.2 *
							Santacrucian		MN 3					16.9
							Colhuehuapian		MN 3					17.4 *
									MN 2					20
				Aquitanian										20.44
							Deseadan							20.9 *
									MN 1					22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
				Rupelian									Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian			Tinguirirican						Early Oligocene	28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian			Tinguirirican						Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian			Divisaderan						Late Eocene	35.9 *
				Bartonian									Middle Eocene	37.71
				Lutetian										41.2
				Lutetian			Mustersan							41.9 *
				Ypresian			Mustersan						Early Eocene	47.8
				Ypresian			Casamayoran						Early Eocene	47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Riochican						Late Paleocene	56
							Itaboraian							56.9 *
							Peligran							58.9 *
				Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian			Tiupampan						Early Paleocene	62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian									66
				Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
				Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
				Aptian										113
				Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian										145
Kimmeridgian				149.2
Oxfordian				154.8
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	161.5
			Bathonian	165.3
			Bajocian	168.2
			Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	174.7
			Pliensbachian	184.2
			Sinemurian	192.9
			Hettangian	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Buntsandstein		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Buntsandstein		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
			Wordian	Leine		264.28
			Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
			Kasimovian			303.7
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
			Katian					Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
							Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian		450.4 *
					Mohawkian	Chatfieldian	451.1 *
			Sandbian			Chatfieldian	453
						Turinian	453.7 *
					Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
			Dapingian						467.3
			Dapingian			Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian			Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian			Tulean				477.7
						Stairsian				480.3 *
						Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Skullrockian				485.4
			Stage 10							487.5
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian							494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian							497
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan							504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							509
		Series 2	Stage 3							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
														1400